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　　1、a cross section of 典型;樣品

　　【釋義】典型;樣品：

　　you refer to a cross section of particular things or people, you mean a group of them that you think is typical or representative of all of them.

　　【例句】The demonstration provided a platform for a broad cross section of speakers.

　　示威集會為具有廣泛代表性的人士提供了發(fā)表意見的機(jī)會。

　　【官方真題】Although the new, improved bicycle had appealed immediately to a few privileged women, its impact would have been modest had it not attracted a greater cross section of the female population.

　　盡管這個新的，不斷改善的自行車運(yùn)動立刻吸引了一些有特權(quán)的女性，但是如果沒有吸引到大量的女性的話，它的影響就會顯得一般而已。

　　2、ascribe…to… 認(rèn)為…是…所說/所為

　　常考1-認(rèn)為…是…所說(或所為)：

　　if you ascribe something such as a quotation or a work of art to someone, you say that they said it or created it

　　【例1】He mistakenly ascribes the expression 'survival of the fittest' to Charles Darwin.

　　他錯誤地認(rèn)為“適者生存”是查爾斯·達(dá)爾文說的。

　　【例2】It can be inferred that the “reluctance” mentioned in the passage is being ascribed to music critics generally.

　　可以推斷出來，總體來看，文章提到的“不愿意”是哪些音樂家所為。

　　?？?-認(rèn)為是…的特點(diǎn);認(rèn)為…具有：

　　if you ascribe a quality to someone, you consider that they possess it

　　【例1】We do not ascribe a superior wisdom to government or the state.

　　我們并不認(rèn)為政府或是國家有超凡的智慧。

　　【例2】According to the passage, Thompson attributes to laboring people in eighteenth-century England which of the following attitudes toward capitalist consumerism?

　　根據(jù)文章，湯姆森認(rèn)為18世紀(jì)英國的勞動人民對資本消費(fèi)有下面哪種態(tài)度?

　　?？?-把…歸因于;把…歸咎于：

　　if you ascribe an event or condition to a particular cause, you say or consider that it was caused by that thing

　　【例1】An autopsy eventually ascribed the baby's death to sudden infant death syndrome.

　　尸檢最終認(rèn)定孩子死于嬰兒猝死綜合癥。

　　【例2】This minority believed that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education.

　　這個少數(shù)派認(rèn)為，兩性中的個別個體出生時在能力和性格方面是相似的，并且他們將男女差異歸因于適應(yīng)社會以及教育。

　　3、pass through 經(jīng)歷;遭受

　　【釋義】經(jīng)歷;遭受：

　　if you pass through a stage of development or a period of time, you experience i

　　【例】The country was passing through a grave crisis.

　　那個國家正在經(jīng)歷一場嚴(yán)重危機(jī)。

　　【官方真題】But it did not retain the ancient Greek form: it passed through several reforming processes and exists today in many countries.

　　但是它并沒有保持古希臘的形式：它經(jīng)歷數(shù)次改革，現(xiàn)在存在于多個國家之中。

　　4、run for 參加選舉;競選

　　【釋義】參加選舉;競選：

　　if someone runs for office in an election, they take part as a candidate

　　【例1】It was only last February that he announced he would run for president.

　　去年2月，他才宣布自己將參加總統(tǒng)競選。

　　【例2】The senator’s remark that she is ambivalent about running for a second term is persuasive given the extremely apathetic fund-raising activities of her campaign committee.

　　這位議員的聲明—她還沒決定是否參加第二屆連任的競選—是很可信的，考慮到她的競選委員會的極為冷淡的募資活動。

　　【注】考生要注意考試中，也會出現(xiàn)run against，

　　例如：The senator's attempt to convince the public that she is not interested in running for a second term is as unsuccessful as her opponent's attempt to disguise his intention to run against her.

　　那個參議員嘗試去說服大眾--說她對競選下一屆的議員是沒有興趣的--就像她的對手想去試圖掩飾和她競爭(競選)--都是不成功的。

　　5、subject to sth. 使經(jīng)受;使遭受

　　?？?-使經(jīng)受;使遭受：

　　if you subject someone to something unpleasant, you make them experience it

　　【例1】Innocent civilians are being arrested and subjected to inhumane treatment.

　　無辜的平民正被逮捕并遭受非人的虐待。

　　【例2】Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.

　　由于花粉粒在長距離的運(yùn)輸過程中面臨著潛在的巨大危險，按照上述觀點(diǎn)，風(fēng)媒授粉植物補(bǔ)償了由隨機(jī)事件造成的花粉損失，其途徑是，制造出大于蟲媒授粉植物所產(chǎn)生的花粉量的一至三個數(shù)量級的花粉量。

　　?？?-受…支配的;服從于…的：

　　if someone is subject to a particular set of rules or laws, they have to obey those rules or laws

　　【例】arguing that as a sovereign state it could not be subject to another country's laws

　　爭論說作為一個主權(quán)國家其不受其他國家法律的約束

　　常考3-可能受…影響的;易遭受…的：

　　to be subject to something means to be affected by it or to be likely to be affected by it

　　【例】a disorder in which the person's mood is subject to wild swings from mania to depression

　　患者情緒在狂熱和抑郁之間瘋狂起伏的紊亂狀態(tài)

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